Exergaming and cognitive functions in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis | npj … – Nature.com


Exergaming and cognitive functions in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis | npj … – Nature.com

Summary

Exergaming is a mixture of train and gaming. Proof reveals an affiliation between train and cognition in older individuals. Nonetheless, earlier research confirmed inconsistent outcomes on the cognitive advantages of exergaming in individuals with cognitive impairment. Subsequently, this examine goals to look at the impact of exergaming intervention on cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI or dementia. A scientific literature search was performed through OVID databases. Randomized managed trials (RCTs) examined the impact of an exergaming intervention on cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI or dementia have been included. Subgroup analyses have been performed based on the kind of intervention and coaching period. Twenty RCTs with 1152 individuals have been recognized, together with 14 trials for MCI and 6 trials for dementia. In individuals with MCI, 13 research used virtual-reality (VR)-based exergaming. Those that obtained VR-based exergaming confirmed considerably higher world cognitive operate [SMD (95%CI) = 0.67 (0.23–1.11)], studying and reminiscence [immediate recall test: 0.79 (0.31–1.27); delayed recall test: 0.75 (0.20–1.31)], working reminiscence [5.83 (2.27–9.39)], verbal fluency [0.58 (0.12–1.03)], and sooner in govt operate than the controls. For individuals with dementia, all research used video-based exergaming intervention. Members with exergaming intervention confirmed considerably higher world cognitive operate than the controls [0.38 (0.10–0.67)]. Subgroup analyses confirmed that longer coaching period generated bigger results. The findings counsel that exergaming impacts cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI and dementia. Cognitive advantages are demonstrated for these with an extended coaching period. With technological development, VR-based exergaming attracts the eye of individuals with MCI and performs properly in enhancing cognitive capabilities.

Introduction

The prevalence charge of delicate cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in older individuals is excessive worldwide1,2,3. The variety of new instances is projected to proceed to extend because of the ageing inhabitants4. MCI is outlined as a preclinical and transitional stage between wholesome ageing and dementia5. Round 5% to 13% of individuals with MCI transformed to dementia yearly6. Dementia is a situation that may be attributable to several types of illnesses by which the nerve cells of the mind are broken over time and should result in deterioration in cognitive capabilities7. Cognitive decline, together with reminiscence loss and deterioration of govt operate, are the preliminary signs of MCI and dementia.

Exergaming, a mixture of train and gaming, has change into well-liked for coaching and rehabilitation in older individuals8,9. The gamers interact in bodily and cognitive actions and play on a technology-based gaming system8. The exergames embrace train with video games in video or digital actuality (VR) settings10. Research both use present industrial recreation methods, equivalent to Wii and Kinect11,12, or self-developed virtual-reality (VR) video games, equivalent to VR-based biking13. Exergaming offers cognitive stimulation and creates an interactive gamification surroundings that may stimulate a number of cognitive capabilities, together with reminiscence and govt operate11,14. Such real-time gamification options inspire the individuals to remain within the intervention8,9. Interactive video video games with easy tools these days are offered at an reasonably priced value that may be simply arrange in clinics or group facilities. Exergaming in a protected surroundings is very necessary for older individuals to conduct train and cognitive rehabilitation8,9,15.

Proof reveals that there’s an affiliation between bodily train and sure domains of cognitive capabilities, equivalent to reminiscence and govt operate, in older individuals16,17,18,19. Nonetheless, different critiques didn’t discover an impact of bodily train on cognitive capabilities in individuals with cognitive impairment20,21. As well as, a examine revealed that bodily train with an extended period had a bigger impact on enhancing cognition than a shorter period in individuals with dementia19. In contrast with conventional bodily workout routines, exergaming interventions have been proven higher cognitive advantages, equivalent to world cognitive operate and govt operate in individuals with cognitive impairment22. Nonetheless, one other examine didn’t present such cognitive profit with exergaming23. Some systematic critiques have been carried out, however they confirmed inconsistent outcomes on the cognitive advantages of exergaming in individuals with cognitive impairment8,24,25,26,27. Additionally, they didn’t present the small print on sorts and coaching period of exergaming intervention. Subsequently, it’s nonetheless unclear whether or not the results of exergaming can be affected by the kinds and period of an intervention.

Subsequently, the target of this systematic evaluate and meta-analysis was to look at the impact of exergaming on cognitive capabilities, particularly the kind and coaching period in individuals with MCI and dementia.

Outcomes

Literature search and examine choice

A complete of 4021 titles have been recognized from OVID databases, all titles have been screened. An extra 49 articles have been recognized from evaluate articles and bibliography, and 83 papers have been recognized from WorldCat and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. After excluding the irrelevant titles, repeated titles throughout databases, evaluate articles, and research that didn’t consider an exergaming intervention, 61 articles associated to exergaming intervention have been additional evaluated. Sixteen research didn’t recruit individuals with MCI or dementia; 7 research weren’t RCT; and 18 research didn’t consider cognitive operate (Supplementary Desk 2). Consequently, 20 RCTs have been eligible for this systematic evaluate and meta-analysis11,12,13,22,23,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Flowchart of literature search.

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Research traits

Amongst these 20 RCTs, 14 of them recruited individuals with MCI (n = 773), and 6 of them recruited individuals with dementia (n = 379). The imply age of individuals ranged from 67 to 87 years previous, and the proportion of males ranged from 15% to 62% (Desk 1). The yr of publication of the included research ranged from 2012 to 2023. 13 research used VR-based exergaming intervention, and all of them have been carried out in individuals with MCI. Seven research used video-based exergaming intervention, and 6 of them have been carried out in individuals with dementia. The record of exergaming interventions is proven in Desk 2. Seventeen research used a 2-arms examine design, and three research used a 3-arms examine design. The size of intervention ranged from 4 weeks to 24 weeks, and the median size of intervention was 11 weeks. So, <12 weeks and ≥12 weeks have been used because the cut-off within the subgroup evaluation. 9 research used a brief coaching period (<12 weeks), and 10 research used an extended coaching period (≥12 weeks). The frequency of intervention ranged from 1 to five occasions per week, and the utmost size of every session ranged from 30 to 100 min. Eighteen research recruited individuals from group or day centres, one examine recruited individuals from an assisted residing facility, and the remaining one examine recruited individuals from a hospital. Eight research used the intention-to-treat precept, 10 research used the pre-protocol precept, and the remaining two research didn’t describe the strategy of outcome evaluation. 4 research have been assessed as excessive danger of bias in one of many ROB-2 domains, together with deviations from supposed interventions41, measurement of the result33, and selective reporting of outcomes23,28 (Supplementary Desk 3).

Desk 1 Traits of included research
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Desk 2 Checklist of exergaming interventions within the included research
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International cognitive operate in individuals with MCI

Ten cohorts evaluated the results of exergaming intervention on world cognitive operate in individuals with MCI. The heterogeneity was giant (I2 = 70%), and a random-effects mannequin was used (Fig. 2). The individuals who obtained exergaming intervention confirmed considerably higher world cognitive operate than the controls (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.29–1.09, okay = 10). Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and egger check. The funnel plots didn’t present important asymmetry (Supplementary Fig. 1). In subgroup analyses, 9 out of 10 cohorts used VR-based exergaming intervention. Members with VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed a medium and important impact on world cognitive operate as in contrast with the controls (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.23–1.11, okay = 9) (Desk 3). Members with an extended coaching period confirmed considerably higher world cognitive operate than the controls (SMD = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.53–1.57, okay = 5). Nonetheless, no important distinction was discovered between intervention and controls in individuals with a brief coaching period (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = −0.18 to 0.74, okay = 5).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Impact of exergaming intervention on world cognitive operate in individuals with delicate cognitive impairment.

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Desk 3 Results of exergaming intervention in individuals with delicate cognitive impairment
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Studying and reminiscence in individuals with MCI

4 cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention with an instantaneous recall check. Members who obtained VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably greater scores within the speedy recall check than the controls (SMD = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.31–1.27, okay = 4) (Supplementary Fig. 2a). In subgroup analyses, individuals with an extended coaching period confirmed considerably greater scores in speedy recall check than the controls (SMD = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.25–1.37, okay = 3). Members with exergaming intervention confirmed considerably greater scores within the speedy recall check than the same old care (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.06–0.96, okay = 2) and lively controls (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.48–1.37, okay = 3).

Six cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention with a delayed recall check. The individuals who obtained VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably greater scores within the delayed recall check than the controls (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.20–1.31, okay = 6) (Supplementary Fig. 2b). In subgroup analyses, individuals with an extended coaching period confirmed considerably greater scores in delayed recall check than the controls (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.31–1.54, okay = 4). Nonetheless, no important distinction was present in individuals with a brief coaching period (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI = −0.34 to 2.00, okay = 2).

Working reminiscence in individuals with MCI

4 cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention on working reminiscence. Members with VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably higher working reminiscence than the controls (SMD = 5.83, 95% CI = 2.27–9.39, okay = 4) (Supplementary Fig. 3). In subgroup analyses, individuals with both lengthy or quick coaching period confirmed considerably higher working reminiscence than the controls. The individuals with VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably higher efficiency in working reminiscence than the lively controls (SMD = 5.89, 95% CI = 2.54–9.23, okay = 4).

Verbal fluency in individuals with MCI

Two cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention on verbal fluency. Members who obtained VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably greater scores on the verbal fluency check than the controls (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.12–1.03, okay = 2) (Supplementary Fig. 4).

Advanced consideration in individuals with MCI

5 cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention on advanced consideration with TMT-A. No important distinction was discovered between the intervention and controls (MD = −0.65, 95% CI = −2.05 to 0.75, okay = 5) (Supplementary Fig. 5).

Government operate in individuals with MCI

Seven cohorts evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention on govt operate with TMT-B. Members who obtained VR-based exergaming intervention confirmed considerably decreased time in TMT-B than the controls (MD = −9.71, 95% CI = −15.1 to −4.29, okay = 7) (Supplementary Fig. 6). In subgroup analyses, individuals with an extended coaching period confirmed considerably higher govt operate than the controls (MD = −70.1, 95% CI = −131 to −8.23, okay = 3). Nonetheless, no important distinction was present in individuals with a brief coaching period. VR-based exergaming intervention group confirmed a major lower in time in TMT-B as in contrast with the lively controls (MD = −8.09, 95% CI = −14.1 to −2.06, okay = 5).

International cognitive operate in individuals with dementia

4 cohorts evaluated the results of video-based exergaming intervention on world cognitive operate in individuals with dementia. Members who obtained exergaming intervention confirmed a small and important impact on world cognitive operate as in contrast with the controls (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.10–0.67, okay = 4) (Desk 4, Fig. 3). In subgroup analyses, individuals with an extended coaching period confirmed considerably higher world cognitive operate than the controls (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.17–0.86, okay = 1). Nonetheless, no important distinction between intervention and controls was present in individuals with a brief coaching period (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI = −0.17 to 0.74, okay = 3).

Desk 4 Results of exergaming intervention in individuals with dementia
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Fig. 3
figure 3

Impact of exergaming intervention on world cognitive operate in individuals with dementia.

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Advanced consideration and govt operate in individuals with dementia

One cohort evaluated the results of VR-based exergaming intervention on advanced consideration and govt operate in individuals with dementia. No important distinction was discovered between intervention and controls in TMT-A (MD = −2.50 (95% CI = −25.8 to twenty.8) and TMT-B (MD = 16.2 (95% CI = −6.29 to 38.7). No examine evaluated the impact of studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, and verbal fluency in individuals with dementia.

Sensitivity analyses

Sensitivity analyses have been performed based on particular person cognitive exams. In world cognitive operate in individuals with MCI, the outcomes of MMSE and Loewenstein Occupational Remedy Cognitive Evaluation-Geriatric confirmed a major optimistic impact of exergaming intervention (Supplementary Desk 4). One other sensitivity evaluation was performed to exclude a examine with a excessive danger of bias33, and a major optimistic impact remained on world cognitive operate in individuals with dementia (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.16–0.77, okay = 3).

Dialogue

Exergaming impacts cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI and dementia by way of world cognitive operate, studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, verbal fluency, and govt operate. Cognitive advantages have been demonstrated for these with at the least 12 weeks coaching period. Video exergaming reveals cognitive advantages for individuals with dementia. With technological development, VR-based exergaming attracts the eye of individuals with MCI and performs properly in enhancing cognitive capabilities.

The VR-based intervention offers a multisensory, immersive surroundings and a sensation contained in the digital surroundings for the customers43. Many of the included research adopted the prevailing VR-based exergaming packages12,28,31,32,35,38,39, and a number of the VR packages have been designed by the researchers13,36,37. Two research measured the change in mind exercise by electroencephalography in MCI sufferers. They discovered that there was a lower in activation of the prefrontal areas and the partial and temporal areas after exergaming intervention32,38. The results of VR-based exergaming could also be because of the coaching that may enhance mind activation and improve practical mind plasticity31,32,37,38. Nonetheless, regardless that exergaming reveals advantages in varied cognitive domains in individuals with MCI, no impact was present in advanced consideration. Subsequently, additional understanding of the precise mechanism of how the coaching improves or impacts mind capabilities is usually recommended.

The usage of VR-based exergaming is much less widespread in individuals with dementia. The deterioration in cognitive capabilities, together with reminiscence, consideration span, and govt operate, could restrict the flexibility of individuals with dementia to work together with the VR-environment. A proof-of-concept examine investigated the usage of VR-based exergaming for individuals with dementia and instructed that varied personalized designs of VR-based exergaming have been required to accommodate the wants of individuals with dementia. For instance, reduce the complexity of creating actions, set the time of every exercise to be lower than 5 min to keep away from fatigue, use excessive distinction duties, and supply verbal directions throughout the course of44. Eisapour et al. 2020 discovered that VR-based exergaming with personalized design was possible in individuals with dementia. Nonetheless, Eisapour et al. 2020 solely recruited six individuals with dementia and didn’t consider the impact of VR-based exergaming on cognition or functioning44. Subsequently, additional analysis of VR-based exergaming in a bigger pattern of individuals with dementia is usually recommended.

A evaluate article instructed that there was insufficient proof for longer intervention may result in higher enhancements in operate25. Nonetheless, Zhao et al. (2020) didn’t carry out any evaluation on intervention period25. On this examine, the period of exergaming intervention of at the least 12 weeks was proven to be a greater technique to enhance cognitive capabilities than these with a shorter interval of exergaming. Apart from, an skilled panel rated essentially the most tailored frequency of exergaming intervention in individuals with MCI and dementia as two to 4 occasions per week45. The frequency of intervention in 60% of the included research was in-between 2 and three occasions per week. Thus, an exergaming intervention that lasts 2–3 occasions per week and lasts for at the least 12 weeks could also be helpful and possible in individuals with MCI and dementia.

Earlier research demonstrated the advantages of bodily train and cognitive coaching in individuals with cognitive impairment17,18,46,47. On this examine, the individuals who obtained exergaming intervention confirmed advantages in studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, and govt operate than the lively controls, equivalent to conventional bodily train and cognitive coaching. Exergaming requires gamers to hold out a number of duties at a time and work together with laptop video games. The video games facilitate completely different instructions of complete cognitive coaching, together with working reminiscence and govt operate32,33. The methods in exergaming could prepare cognitive talents and psychological flexibility that’s stronger than conventional coaching.

Literature means that cognitive capabilities must be constantly stimulated48. Exergaming creates pleasure and pleasure; an fascinating and engaging platform might help to take care of the motivation of older individuals to proceed the coaching30,37. Apart from, there have been only a few adversarial occasions reported within the included research. So, exergaming offers a protected surroundings to conduct coaching and rehabilitation for older individuals with cognitive impairment. A examine reported that each one the individuals with MCI felt a greater efficiency of their actual life after VR-based exergaming intervention13. The elicited self-perceived enchancment might help to inspire the individuals to proceed the exergaming intervention.

Some research counsel that exergaming interventions are possible to carry out at house30,34,35,36. An included examine evaluated an 8-week home-based caregiver-supervised Wii-Match train program for individuals with dementia, however nil enchancment in cognitive operate was proven34. This can be because of the intervention period being quick. Additional analysis on the protocol and impact of home-based exergaming intervention is usually recommended.

This examine mixed up to date proof to judge the results of exergaming intervention throughout completely different cognitive domains in individuals with MCI and dementia, however there are some limitations. First, there isn’t any commonplace protocol for conducting the intervention with exergaming. The included research could have completely different designs on exergaming. Heterogeneity throughout the intervention is uncontrollable. Subsequently, a random-effects mannequin has been utilized to deal with the potential danger of heterogeneity. Second, research have been interpreted in numerous subgroup analyses, equivalent to sort and period of exergaming. These subgroup analyses demonstrated the potential instructions of additional improvement of a regular protocol, however, sadly, the analyses have been restricted by a comparatively small pattern dimension. Third, research used several types of consequence measurements, though we performed sensitivity analyses on particular person exams, substantial heterogeneity throughout the included research was not absolutely interpreted. Fourth, research recruited individuals from several types of medical and community-based settings, and used completely different coaching durations and frequencies, so medical heterogeneity exists. Fifth, the info evaluation was primarily based on printed research, some unpublished research could not have been recognized by way of literature search, so publication bias was inevitable.

Exergaming impacts cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI and dementia. Cognitive advantages are demonstrated for these with an extended coaching period. With the development of expertise, VR-based exergaming could additional interact the next participation charge. Additional analysis on the impact of VR-based exergaming in individuals with dementia is really helpful.

Strategies

This systematic evaluate and meta-analysis adopted the usual pointers of the Cochrane Handbook49, and the reporting objects adopted Most popular Reporting Objects for Systematic Critiques and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)50. This meta-analysis was registered within the PROSPERO as CRD42022378761. Throughout the course of of information extraction, we additional modified the outcomes with extra domains of cognition, together with world cognitive operate, studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, verbal fluency, advanced consideration, and govt operate.

Search technique

Complete literature searches have been carried out within the OVID databases, together with MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, PubMed, and CHIAHL, from the earliest obtainable dates acknowledged in every database till March 31, 2023. Looking key phrases together with “exergaming”, “train”, “virtual-reality”, “virtual-reality intervention”, “VR-based intervention”, “VR train”, “VR coaching”, “Wii”, “cyber”, “gaming”, “online game”, “Kinect”, “Xbox”, “dance”, and “bicycle” have been searched with “dementia”, “cognitive impairment”, “delicate cognitive impairment”, “MCI”, and “Alzheimer”, and in addition “trial”, “examine”, and “random” (Supplementary Desk 1). Bibliographies of evaluate articles and research have been screened. Gray literature and dissertations have been searched by way of WorldCat and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. Randomized managed trials (RCTs) that evaluated the impact of an exergaming intervention on cognitive capabilities in individuals with MCI or dementia have been included.

Inclusion and exclusion standards

RCTs have been included in the event that they (i) recruited individuals with MCI or dementia in any sort of medical or group setting; (ii) evaluated any sort of exergaming intervention, equivalent to video gaming or VR-based exergaming and in contrast with a non-exergaming intervention as management; (iii) measured the change of cognitive rating between pre-and-post intervention; and (iv) reported at the least one of many cognitive domains, together with world cognitive operate, studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, verbal fluency, advanced consideration, and govt operate. Research have been excluded in the event that they targeted on cognitive decline in sufferers with Parkinson’s illness, stroke, Huntington’s illness, epilepsy, a number of sclerosis, diabetes, or psychiatric sickness.

Knowledge extraction

Two investigators (J.L. and A.T.C.) carried out the literature search and information extraction independently. An information extraction kind was designed to retailer the info from the unique literature. Knowledge collected included the yr of publication, examine location, imply age, the proportion of males, variety of individuals, title of intervention, sort of controls, period of intervention, title, and rating of the cognitive exams, technique of information evaluation, and variety of adversarial occasions. When discrepancies have been discovered relating to examine eligibility or information extraction, a 3rd investigator (J.Y.C.) would make the ultimate choice.

Interventions and outcomes

Exergaming interventions have been labeled into two main classes, together with (i) VR-based, and (ii) video-based. Research have been additionally grouped into completely different management arms, together with (i) normal care; and (ii) lively controls. Normal care included a waitlisted or training group, and the lively controls included bodily train, cognitive coaching, and mixed train and cognitive coaching. The first outcomes of this examine have been the change of pre-and-post intervention scores from cognitive exams that measure world cognitive operate, studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, verbal fluency, advanced consideration, and govt operate.

International cognitive operate was measured by any sort of multi-domain cognitive exams such because the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE)51 and Montreal Cognitive Evaluation52. Studying and reminiscence have been measured by any sort of verbal reminiscence check, such because the California Verbal Studying Check53. Working reminiscence was assessed by any sort of working reminiscence check equivalent to digit span54. Verbal fluency was assessed by any sort of verbal fluency check, equivalent to sematic fluency55. Increased scores of worldwide cognitive operate, studying and reminiscence, working reminiscence, and verbal fluency point out higher cognitive capabilities. If a examine reported two or extra evaluation instruments for a similar cognitive area, we would come with essentially the most often used evaluation instruments within the meta-analysis. Advanced consideration was measured by Path Making Check-A (TMT-A), and govt operate was measured by Path Making Check-B (TMT-B)56. The efficiency of TMT-A and TMT-B was measured by time spent on the check (seconds). A sooner time rating in TMT-A and TMT-B signifies higher functioning.

Danger of bias

Potential dangers of bias in every included examine have been assessed by the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias software for randomized trials (RoB-2)57. The RoB-2 measures 6 objects of risk-of-bias, together with (i) bias arising from the randomization course of; (ii) bias attributable to deviations from supposed interventions; (iii) bias attributable to lacking consequence information; (iv) bias in measurement of the result; (v) bias in collection of the reported outcome; and (vi) total bias.

Knowledge synthesis and statistical evaluation

Standardized imply variations (SMDs) with confidence interval (95% CI) have been utilized to calculate the mixed outcomes of various cognitive exams. Utilizing typical definitions, SMD estimates of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 have been thought of as small, medium, and enormous, respectively58. The trials utilizing the identical cognitive exams have been mixed by imply distinction (MD). A random-effects mannequin was utilized, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed by I2 59,60. A forest plot was used to graphically current the outcomes of the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses have been carried out to mix the impact sizes in Overview Supervisor (Model 5.4)61. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger’s Check by utilizing the dmetar bundle in R model 4.2.262,63,64,65.

Subgroup and sensitivity analyses

Subgroup analyses in every cognitive area have been carried out based on (i) sort of exergaming intervention, i.e. VR-based and video-based; (ii) size of intervention, i.e. quick and lengthy, we might use the median size of intervention of the included research because the cut-off; and (iii) sort of controls, i.e. normal care and lively controls. Sensitivity analyses have been performed based on (i) danger of bias of the included research; and (ii) particular person cognitive exams.

Knowledge availability

Knowledge collected and used on this meta-analysis might be requested from the corresponding writer.

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J.Y.C.C. and Okay.Okay.F.T. conceived and designed the examine. J.L., A.T.C.C., and J.Y.C.C. performed literature search and information extraction. J.Y.C.C. performed the statistical evaluation and wrote the primary draft of the manuscript, which was critically revised and authorised by all authors.

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Kelvin Okay. F. Tsoi.

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Supplementary desk 1,2,3,4, Supplementary Determine 1,2,3,4,5,6

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Chan, J.Y.C., Liu, J., Chan, A.T.C. et al. Exergaming and cognitive capabilities in individuals with delicate cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis.
npj Digit. Med. 7, 154 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01142-4

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  • Acquired: 07 October 2023

  • Accepted: 22 Might 2024

  • Printed: 15 June 2024

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01142-4

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